against the Rock

-οῦ ⁺ ὁ N 2 1037-851-511-898-687=3984 Gn 1,1.2.3.4(bis)

God Ps 131(132),2; god Ps 80(81),10; θεοί gods, idols Is 44,15

ὁ θεός ὁ θεός μου oh God, my God (nom. for voc.) Ps 21(22),2; τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν the relations with God Ex 4,16; κύριος ὁ θεός the Lord God Gn 8,21; (τὰς κέδρους) τοῦ θεοῦ divine, beautiful (cedars) (gen. as adj.) Ps 79(80),11, cpr. Gn 1,2

*Dt 33,12 ὁ θεός God-עליון for MT עליו over him; *1 Sm 3,13 θεόν God-אלהים for MT להם themselves;

*Jer 3,19 θεοῦ παντοκράτορος of the Lord Almighty-צבאות אלהי for MT צבאות צבי glory of the host, most glorious; *Ps 7,7 ὁ θεός μου my God-ֵאִלי for MT ֵאַלי for me, see also Ps 83(84),8; Hos 11,7; Jer 27(50),29; *Ps 74(75),6 κατὰ τοῦ θεοῦ against God-צור/ב against the Rock for MT צואר/ב with (insolent) neck; *Prv 30,3 θεός God-אל for MT לא not, see also 1 Sm 2,3; *Prv 31,8 λόγῳ θεοῦ for the word of God-ֵאִלים (דבר)ל אל for MT םלֵּלִאֵ אלם for the mute

Cf. BARR 1961 151.266; HARL 1986a, 49-51; JOHNSON 1938, 48-51; KATZ 1950, 141-154; LE

BOULLUEC 1989 99-101.215.230-231; WALTERS 1973, 250-255; WEVERS 1995, 513; →NIDNTT; TWNT

προσερεύγομαι,

A belch at: metaph., [κύματα] προσερεύγεται αὐτὴν [πέτρην] break foaming against the rock, Il.15.621 (cf. Od.5.438): later προσερυγγάνω (q.v.).

Grammatical information: m. (late also f.),

Meaning: `stone'; as GN (Laconia) Λᾱ̃ς and Λᾶ (Th., Paus., St.Byz. a.o.; acc. Λᾰ́ᾱν Β 585).

Other forms: gen. etc. λᾱ̃-ος, -ι, - αν (-α Call.), pl. λᾶ-ες etc. (Il.); also as ο-stem λᾶος, - ου etc. (Hes.Fr. 115[?], S., Cyrene, Gortyn; details in Schwyzer 578),

Dialectal forms: Myc. raeja \/lāh-ejā\/ and Cypr. laos show that the word did not have a -w-.

Compounds: Compp., e. g. λᾱ-τόμος (beside uncontracted or restored λαο-) `stone-cutter' with λᾱτομ-ίαι `quarry' (= Lat. lātomiae beside lautumiae \< *λαο-; s.W.-Hofmann s. v.), Arg., Syracus., hell. (Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 125f.); λα(ο)-ξό(ο)ς with λαξεύω etc. (Georgacas Glotta 36, 165 f.), λατύπος; as 2. member in κραταί-λεως (\< -*ληϜος or -*λᾱϜος; cf. below) `with hard rock' (A., E.), prob. also in ὑπο-λαΐς, - ίδος (H. also - ληΐς) f. name of an unknown bird (Arist.); cf. Thompson Birds s.v.; s. also 2. λαιός.

Derivatives: λάϊγγες f. pl. `small stones' (Od., A. R.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 399; wrong Specht Ursprung 127; s. also below); λάϊνος, - ΐνεος `(of) stone' (Il.); uncertain λαιαί f. pl. (Arist.), λεῖαι (Gal.), sg. λεία (Hero) `the stones used as weights hanging from the upright loom'; unclear λαίεται καταλεύεται H. and λαυστήρ μοχθηρός... η οἴκου λαύρα, λαύστρανον τινες λύκον, τινες φρέατος ἅρπαγα H.; hypotheses by Jokl Rev. int. ét. balk. 1,46ff.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: On λαύρα and λεύω s. vv. The unique stemformation of λᾶας is unexplained. One supposes an old neuter with sec. transition to the masc. (fem.) after λίθος, πέτρος (Brugmann IF 11, 100 ff.). The further evaluation is quite uncertain. After Brugmann orig. nom.-acc. *λῆϜας (\< IE. *lēu̯ǝs-; on the full grade cf. λεύω and λεῖαι), gen., dat. etc. *λᾰ́Ϝᾰσ-ος, -ι (IE. *lǝu̯ǝs-os, -i) \> λᾶ-ος, -ι, to which analogically the nom. λᾶ-ας was formed. The simpler assumption, that only the vowellength in λᾶας (for older *λᾰ́Ϝας) was taken from (gen.) λᾶ-ος etc., is rejected by B. Metrical objections against a contraction of *λᾰ́Ϝᾰσ-ος, -ι to λᾶ-ος, -ι by Ruijgh l.c.; he prefers, with Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 211 to see in λᾶ-ος, -ι etc. an (unenlarged) consonant-stem λᾱϜ-. Who accepts these, not decisive, objections but also does not want to assume heteroclis, might assume a full grade monosyllabic oblique stem *λᾱϜσ- (beside *λᾰϜᾰσ-). The abandoning of the old σ-flection was anyhow connected with the gender-change. - Quite diff. Pedersen Cinq. decl. lat. 44ff. (with de Saussure Rec. 587 f.): λᾶας old masc. ablauting ā-stem: *λᾱϜᾱ-: λᾱϜ(ᾰ)- \< IE. * leh₂ueh₂-: *leh₂u̯(h₂)-; the supposed full grade -ā- (*- eh₂-) is however quite hypothetical, but it would nicely explain the absence of the root-vowel in the inflection; followed by Beekes, Origins (1985)15-17. - The word λᾶας was apparently unknown to Ion.-Attic (Wackernagel Hell. 9 f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1,22; doubts in Björck Alpha impurum 69 and 76 n. 1); Ion.-Att. form shows κραταί-λεως (or only poetical analogy after λαός: Μενέ-λεως a.o.?); thus the free-standing λεύω (s. v.). Connections to λᾶας outside Greek are rare and not without doubt. First Alb. lerë, -a `stone, heap of stones, stony plain, rockslope' from IE. *lā̆u<sub>e</sub>rā (Jokl Rev. int. et. balk. 1, 46ff.; to λαύρα?, s.v.); Illyr. PN Lavo f. prop. "which belongs to the rock (stone)" (from * lava `stone'; Krahe ZNF 19, 72; Spr. d. Illyr. 1,69 f.). One considers further the orig. Celtic Lat. lausiae f. `small stones from stone-cuttings', s. W.-Hofmann s. v. The suffixal agreement between λάϊγγες and OIr. līe, gen. līac (\< Celt. *līu̯ank-; cf. Pok. 683 against Loth Rev. celt. 44, 293; also Lewy Festschr. Dornseiff 226 f.) is no doubt accidental. Further uncertain combinations in Bq, WP. 2, 405 ff., W.-Hofmann s. lausiae. - For Aegaean origin also Chantraine Formation 421, Güntert Labyrinth 5,9. - Since the Myc. form shows that there was no -w- in the form, we must assume *lāh- (but not from *lās-, as the -s- would have been retained. Hence the relation to λεύω, λαύρα has become quite unclear. See Heubeck, IF 66 (1961) 29-34. Fur. 329 compares λέπας; he considers (n. 53) λαίνθη λάρναξ λιθίνη Cyr. as proof of Pre-Greek origin.

Page in Frisk: 2,64-66

Grammatical information: n. (only nom.-acc. sg.)

Meaning: `bare rock, mountain' (Simon., A., E., Th.).

Derivatives: λεπαῖος `rocky' (E.); λεπάς, - άδος f. `limpet' (Alc. Z 36, 2 [not certain], Epich., com., Arist.), as the animal clings with his foot to the rock (cf. H. λεπάδες τὰ πρὸς ταῖς πέτραις κεκολλημένα κογχύλια); acc. to WP. 2, 429 and W.-Hofmann s. lepidus however of λέπος, λεπίς `shell, scale'.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: From λέπας: λεπαστή (- άστη) f. `limpet-like beaker' (com.) with λεπαστίς, - ίδος `id.' (vase-inscr., H.); on the formation Schwyzer 503; Lat. LW [loanword] lepista, - esta; λέπαστρον σκεῦός τι ἁλιευτικόν H. (cf. δέπαστρον a.o.; Chantraine Form. 333 f.); λεπαδεύομαι 'collect λ.' (H., Phot.). The similarity between λέπας and Lat. lapis, - idis m. (f.) `stone' shows a common origin (against this Ernout-Meillet s. v.); the Lat. a-vowel is explained as ablaut (s. W.-Hofmann s. v. [most improbable]), also as derailment (after capis `bowl with one handle' [idem]; Petersen Lang. 14, 49[?]). WP. 2, 431 considers (doubting) a loan from a mediterranean language; thus Hubschmid 3^me Congrès int. de toponymie et d'anthroponymie II 189 (to Iberorom. lapa `flat stone, hollow' etc). Improbable Alessio Onomastica 2, 189; s. Belardi Doxa 3, 212. - The old connection with λέπω `peel off' ( λέπας `bare rock') is still (despite Bq) considered.

Page in Frisk: 2,105

ἐπελαύνω,

A drive upon, τὰς ἁμάξας ἐπελαύνουσι, i.e. upon the ice, Hdt.4.28.

b drive to a place, ἐπελάντω (non-thematic [ per.] 3pl. imper.)

βοῦς τρεῖς SIG1025.11

([place name] Cos).

2 in Hom., lay metal beaten out into plates over a surface (cf.

ἐλαύνω 111.1

),

ἐπὶ δ' ὄγδοον ἤλασε χαλκόν Il.7.223

;

πολλὸς δ' ἐπελήλατο χαλκός 13.804

, cf. 17.493.

3 metaph., ὅρκους ἐπελαύνειν τινί force an oath upon one, Hdt.1.146, cf. 6.62.

II drive or ride against,

ἱππον τινί X.Eq.8.11

; lead against,

τὴν στρατιήν Hdt.1.164

; push forcibly against,

στέρνα θ' ὁμοῦ καὶ χεῖρας A.R.1.381

.

2 intr., march against, Hdt.1.17, al.;

τινί X. HG7.1.21

;

ἐπὶ Βαβυλῶνα Hdt.3.151

, cf. 7.9.

α'; ἐπήλασαν οἱ ἱππόται

charged,

Id.9.49

, cf. 18, Arr.Tact.4.7, al.; τρεῖς [νῆες] ἐπήλασαν περὶ τὸ ἕρμα drove upon the rock, Hdt.7.183: c. acc. loci, march over, Luc.Rh.Pr.5.

III [voice] Pass., to be driven in after, τὸ -όμενον [τοῦ τομέως] X.Eq.Mag.2.3.

IV [voice] Med., [ per.] 3pl. [tense] aor. imper., ἐπελασάσθων οἱ ἁλιασταί let them impose a fine, IG5(2).6.23 ([place name] Tegea): [ per.] 3pl. [tense] pres. imper. (non-thematic), ἐπελάσθω (fr. Επελάνσθω)

τὰ ἐπιζάμια Tab.Heracl.1.127

.

Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (ὁ πέτρος=‘stone’ Hom.+; Jos., Bell. 3, 240, Ant. 7, 142.—Π. as a name can scarcely be pre-Christian, as AMerx, D. vier kanon. Ev. II/1, 1902, 160ff, referring to Jos., Ant. 18, 156 [Niese did not accept the v.l. Πέτρος for Πρῶτος], would have it. But s. ADell [πέτρα 1b] esp. 14–17. Fr. the beginning it was prob. thought of as the Gk. equivalent of the Aram. כֵּיפָא= Κηφᾶς: J 1:42; cp. Mt 16:18 and JWackernagel, Syntax II² 1928, 14f, perh. formed on the analogy of the Gk. male proper name Πέτρων: UPZ 149, 8 [III B.C.]; 135 [78 B.C.]; Plut., Mor. 422d.—A gentile named Πέτρος in Damasc., Vi. Isid. 170. S. also the Praeses Arabiae of 278/79 A.D. Aurelius P.: Publ. Princeton Univ. Arch. Expedition to Syria III A, 1913, 4 no. 546) Peter, surname of the head of the circle of Twelve Disciples, whose name was orig. Simon. His father was a certain John (s. Ἰωάννης 4) or Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2). Acc. to J 1:44 he himself was from Bethsaida, but, at any rate, when he met Jesus he lived in Capernaum (Mk 1:21, 29). Fr. that city he and his brother Andrew made their living as fishers (Mk 1:16). He was married (Mk 1:30; cp. 1 Cor 9:5), but left his home and occupation, when Jesus called, to follow him (Mk 1:18; 10:28). He belonged to the three or four most intimate of the Master’s companions (Mk 5:37; 9:2; 13:3; 14:33). He stands at the head of the lists of the apostles (Mt 10:2; Mk 3:16; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13). Not all the problems connected w. the conferring of the name Cephas-Peter upon Simon (s. Σίμων 1) have yet been solved (the giving of a new name and the reason for it: Plato [s. ὀνομάζω 1] and Theophrastus [Vi. Platonis 2 ln. 21 in Biog. p. 388 W.= Prolegom. 1 in CHermann, Pla. VI 196 Θεόφραστος, Τύρταμος καλούμενος πάλαι, διὰ τὸ θεῖον τῆς φράσεως Θ. μετεκλήθη]; CRoth, Simon-Peter HTR 54, ’61, 91–97). He was at least not always a model of rock-like (πέτρος is a symbol of imperturbability Soph., Oed. Rex 334; Eur., Med. 28 al.) firmness (note Gethsemane, the denial, the unsuccessful attempt at walking on water; his conduct at Antioch Gal 2:11ff which, though, is fr. time to time referred to another Cephas; s. KLake, HTR 14, 1921, 95ff; AVöllmecke, Jahrbuch d. Missionshauses St. Gabriel 2, 1925, 69–104; 3, 1926, 31–75; DRiddle, JBL 59, ’40, 169–80; NHuffman, ibid. 64, ’45, 205f; PGaechter, ZKT 72, ’50, 177–212; but s. HBetz, Gal [Hermeneia] p. 105f w. n. 442). Despite all this he was the leader of Jesus’ disciples, was spokesman for the Twelve (e.g. Mt 18:21; 19:27; Mk 8:27ff; Lk 12:41; 18:28) and for the three who were closest to Jesus (Mk 9:5); he was recognized as leader even by those on the outside (Mt 17:24). He is especially prominent in the pronouncement made Mt 16:18. Only in the Fourth Gospel does Peter have a place less prominent than another, in this case the ‘disciple whom Jesus loved’ (s. Hdb. exc. on J 13:23). In connection w. the miraculous events after Jesus’ death (on this ELohmeyer, Galiläa u. Jerusalem ’36; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen d. Auferstanden-en ’44; MWerner, D. ntl. Berichte üb. d. Erscheinungen d. Auferstandenen: Schweiz. Theol. Umschau ’44) Pt. played a unique role: 1 Cor 15:5; Lk 24:34; Mk 16:7. He was one of the pillars of the early church (Gal 2:9 [Κηφᾶς]). Three years after Paul was converted, on his first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, he established a significant contact w. Peter: Gal 1:18. At least until the time described in Gal 2:1–10 (cp. Ac 15:7) he was prob. the head of the early Christian community/church. He was also active as a missionary to Israel Gal 2:8; cp. 1 Cor 9:5 (Κηφᾶς).—MGoguel, L’apôtre Pierre a-t-il joué un role personnel dans les crises de Grèce et de Galatie?: RHPR 14, ’34, 461–500.—In 1 Pt 1:1 and 2 Pt 1:1 he appears as author of an epistle. On Paul’s journey to Rome: Ἀρτέμων ὁ κυβερνήτης τοῦ πλοίου ἦν λελουμένος ὑπὸ Πέτρου Artemon, the ship’s captain, was baptized by Peter AcPl Ha 7, 20. It is probable that he died at Rome under Nero, about 64 A.D..—In the NT he is somet. called Σίμων (q.v. 1; in Ac 15:14 and 2 Pt 1:1 more exactly Συμεών=שִׁמְעוֹן); except for Gal 2:7f Paul always calls him Κηφᾶς (q.v.). Both names Σίμων Π. Mt 16:16; Lk 5:8; J 1:40; 6:8, 68; 13:6, 9, 24, 36; 18:10, 15, 25; 20:2, 6; 21:2f, 7b, 11, 15. Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Π. Mt 4:18; 10:2. Σίμων ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Π. Ac 10:18; 11:13. Σίμων ὸ̔ς ἐπικαλεῖται Π. 10:5, 32.—Outside the NT it is found in our lit. GEb 34, 59; GPt 14:60 (Σίμων Πέτρος); ApcPt Rainer; GMary 463 (2 times); AcPt Ox 849 (4 times); 1 Cl 5:4 (Paul follows in 5:5); 2 Cl 5:3f (a piece fr. an apocr. gosp.); IRo 4:3 (Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος); ISm 3:2=GHb 356, 39; Papias (2:4, w. other disciples; 15, w. Mark as his ἑρμηνευτής).—Zahn, Einl. II §38–44; KErbes, Petrus nicht in Rom, sondern in Jerusalem gestorben: ZKG 22, 1901, 1ff; 161ff (against him AKneller, ZKT 26, 1902, 33ff; 225ff; 351ff); PSchmiedel, War der Ap. Petrus in Rom?: PM 13, 1909, 59–81; HLietzmann, Petrus u. Pls in Rom² 1927; GEsser, Der hl. Ap. Petrus 1902; CGuignebert, La primauté de St. Pierre et la venue de Pierre à Rome 1909; FFoakes-Jackson, Peter, Prince of Apostles 1927; HDannenbauer, D. röm. Pt-Legende: Hist. Ztschr. 146, ’32, 239–62; 159, ’38, 81–88; KHeussi, War Pt. in Rom? ’36, War Pt. wirklich röm. Märtyrer? ’37, Neues z. Pt.-frage ’39, TLZ 77, ’52, 67–72; HLietzmann, Pt. röm. Märt.: SBBerlAk ’36, XXIX; DRobinson, JBL 64, ’45, 255–67; HSchmutz, Pt. war dennoch in Rom: Benedikt. Monatsschr. 22, ’46, 128–41.—On Mt 16:17–19 s., in addition to the lit. on κλείς 1 and πέτρα 1b: JSchnitzer, Hat Jesus das Papsttum gestiftet? 1910, Das Papsttum eine Stiftung Jesu? 1910; FTillmann, Jesus u. das Papsttum 1910; AKneller, ZKT 44, 1920, 147–69; OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche ’32, 157–83; KPieper, Jes. u. d. Kirche ’32; AEhrhard, Urkirche u. Frühkatholizismus I 1, ’36.—JMunck, Pt. u. Pls in der Offenb. Joh. ’50 (Rv 11:3–13).—OCullmann, Petrus², ’60 (Eng. tr. Peter, FFilson², ’62), L’apôtre Pierre: NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.), ’59, 94–105; OKarrer, Peter and the Church: an examination of the Cullmann thesis, ’63; RO’Callaghan, Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter: BA 16, ’53, 70–87; AvGerkan, D. Forschung nach dem Grab Petri, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 196–205, Zu den Problemen des Petrusgrabes: JAC ’58, 79–93; GSnyder, BA 32, ’69, 2–24; JGwynGriffiths, Hibbert Journal 55, ’56/57, 140–49; TBarnes, JTS 21, ’70, 175–79; GSchulze-Kadelbach, D. Stellung des P. in der Urchristenheit: TLZ 81, ’56, 1–18 (lit.); PGaechter, Petrus u. seine Zeit, ’58; EKirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (transl. JMurray) ’59; EHaenchen, Petrus-Probleme, NTS 7, ’60/61, 187–97; SAgourides, Πέτρος καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐαγγελίῳ, Thessalonike, ’66; DGewalt, Petrus, diss. Hdlbg, ’66; RBrown, KDonfried, JReumann edd., Peter in the NT, ’73; CCaragounis, Peter and the Rock (BZNW 58) ’89.—Pauly-W. XIX ’38, 1335–61; Kl. Pauly IV 674–76; BHHW III 1430f. LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ῥίπτ-ω, also [full] ῥιπτέω, and (in frequentat. sense) [full] ῥιπτάζω (qq. v.): —[dialect] Ion. Iterat.

A

ῥίπτασκον Il.15.23

, Od.11.592,

- εσκον Nic.Fr.26

: [tense] fut.

ῥίψω Il.8.13

, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἔρριψα 23.842

, etc. (

ἔριψα Arion 18

, Mosch. 3.32,

ἀπέριψα Pi.P.6.37

), [dialect] Ep.

ῥῖψα Il.3.378

; also [ per.] 3sg. [tense] aor. 2

ἔρρῐφε Opp.C.4.350

: [tense] pf.

ἔρριφα Lys.10.9

:—[voice] Med., [tense] aor.

ῥίψαντο Man.6.10

,

ἀπο-ρίψασθαι Gal.16.146

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. ῥιφθήσομαι ([etym.] ἀπορ-) S.Aj. 1019;

ῥῐφήσομαι LXX Ez.7.19

, Plu. CG3 (v.l. in S.l.c.); 3 [tense] fut.

ἐρρίψομαι Luc.Merc.Cond.17

: [tense] aor.

ἐρρίφθην A.Supp. 484

([etym.] ἀπο-), E.Andr.10 (v.l.), Pl.Lg. 944d; also ἐρρίφην [ῐ] E.Hec. 335, Fr. 489, Pl.Lg. 944a, Sosith.3, etc.; poet.

ἐρίφην AP12.234

(Strat.): [tense] pf. ἔρριμμαι Orac. ap.Hdt.1.62, E.Med. 1404 (anap.), Ar.Ec. 850, etc.; poet. redupl.

ῥερίφθαι Pi.Fr. 318

, cf. PMag.Par.1.194, 2039 ([etym.] ἀπο-): [tense] plpf.

ἔρριπτο Luc.Nec.17

. [[pron. full] ῑ by nature, Hdn.Gr.2.10; freq. written with ει in later Inscrr. (cf. ῥιπτέω, καταρρίπτω) and Papyri, as Phld.Ir.p.38 W., ([etym.] προς-) Rh.2.94 S.; the [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. 1 is ῥῖψα, not ῥίψα: [pron. full] ῐ in [tense] fut. 2 and [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Pass.]:—throw, cast, hurl,

σόλον, σφαῖραν Il.23.842

, Od.6.115;

χερσί Pi.P.3.57

;

ῥ. ἀπὸ βηλοῦ Il.1.591

, etc.;

ἤ μιν ἑλὼν ῥίψω ἐς Τάρταρον 8.13

, cf. A.Pr. 1051 (anap.);

ἐς τὸ δυστυχές Id.Ch. 913

;

ἐς φλόγα S.Tr. 695

;

ποτὶ νέφεα Od.11.592

; χθονὶ ῥ. ἑαυτόν throw on the ground, S.Tr. 790, cf. E.IA39 (anap.);

ἐς ὕδωρ ψυχρόν Th.2.49

: abs., ἐρριμμένος prostrate,

ἐρριμμένους καὶ μεθύοντας Plb.5.48.2

; ἔτι τῶν νεκρῶν.. ἐρριμμένων ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς lying, Plu.Galb.28;

κλῶνας ἔχουσα ἐπὶ γῆς ἐρριμμένους Dsc.1.29

, cf. 4.169; ἔρριπται νεκροῖς ὅμοια, of hibernating animals, Aët.16.67;

τὰ μελίσσεια ἐν ἀγρῷ ἔριπται

have been deposited,

PCair.Zen.467.5

(iii B.C.); cast a net, ἔρριπται ὁ βόλος the cast have been made, Orac. ap. Hdt.1.62; αὐτοῦ χερμάδας.. ἔρριπτον threw stones at him, E.Ba. 1097, cf. Cyc.51 (lyr.); ῥ. τινὰ πρὸς πέτραν throw him against a rock, S.Tr. 780; but κατὰ στύφλου πέτρας down from a rock, E.IT 1430, cf. A.Pr. 748; κατὰ κρημνῶν down a precipice, Th.7.44, Pl.Lg. 944a ([voice] Pass.);

ὠλένας πρὸς οὐρανόν E.Hel. 1096

.

II like ῥιπτάζω, ῥ. ἑωυτήν toss oneself about, as in a fever, Hp.Mul.1.2;

ἐπὶ λαιὰ καὶ ἐπὶ δεξιὰ σαυτόν AP5.118

(Crin.): generally, throw about,

πλοκάμους E.IA 758

, cf. Ba. 150 (both lyr.); winnow, Gal.6.541.

III cast out of house or land, S.OT 719, Ph. 265, etc.;

μὴ ῥιφθῶ κυσὶν πρόβλητος Id.Aj. 830

.

IV throw off or away, of arms, E.El. 820; of clothes, Pl.R. 474a, Lys.3.12; so ἔρριψε Πάγασος δεσπόταν threw him, Pi.I.7(6).44; esp. ῥ. ἀσπίδα (cf. ῥίψασπις), Lys.10.9, etc.;

βιβλίον PUniv.Giss.20.12

(ii A.D.).

V ῥ. λόγους cast them forth, hurl them, A.Pr. 314, E.Alc. 680;

τὸ προειρημένον ἀναποδείκτως ἐρρίφθαι Phld.Rh.1.57

S.; also, throw them away, waste them, A.Ag. 1068, cf. E.Med. 1404 (anap., [voice] Pass.);

λόγοι μάτην ῥιφέντες Id.Hec. 335

; so οἴχεται.. ταῦτ' ἐρριμμένα set at naught, S. Aj. 1271.

VI ῥ. ἐπὶ πάντας τοὺς κλήρους, as in a scramble, Pl. R. 617e;

ῥ. πάντα κύβον κεφαλῆς ὕπερθεν ἐμῆς AP5.24

([Phld.]): hence ῥ. κίνδυνον make a bold throw, run a risk, E.Fr.402.7.

VII ῥ. ἑαυτόν throw or cast oneself down, X.Cyr.3.1.25: abs., fling oneself,

ἐς πόντον Thgn.176

;

ἐς ἅλμην E.Cyc. 166

;

τάφρον ἐς κοίλην Id.Alc. 897

(anap.);

ῥ. ἐν πένθει κατὰ δρία Id.Hel. 1325

(lyr.), cf. Men.312, Vett. Val.126.22; cf.

βάλλω A. 111

.

VIII dub. l. in Orph.Fr. 264.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `utmost, hindmost, undermost', of the bodypart that is closest to the trunk v. t.; of the undermost part of a tree, a rock etc. (ep. poet. Il.).

Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πρυμν-ώρεια f. `lower part, foot of a mountain (Ξ 307), from *πρυμν-ώρης (Solmsen Wortforsch. 249, Risch Mus. Helv. 2, 18). From there with accentshift πρύμνη, second. - νᾰ f. `hindmost part of a ship, stern' (IA. Il.; Hom. mostly attributive πρύμνη νηῦς); compp. e.g. πρυμν-οῦχος `holding the stern' (E., AP), ὑψί-πρυμνος `with high stern' (Str.).

Derivatives: 1. πρυμν-όθεν `from the lower end, from the bottom' (A.), also (hell. poet.) = πρύμν-ηθεν, Dor. -ᾱθεν `from the stern' (Il.); 2. - ήτης m. `steersman', as adj. `standing on the stern' (A., E.) with - ητικός (Callix., pap.), - ήσιος (E.) `id.', τὰ -ήσια n. pl. `stern-cables' (Hom., AP); prob. to πρύμνη analog. built (Chantraine Form. 42, Schwyzer 466 w. lit.); 3. - αῖος `id.' (A. R.); 4. - εύς m. PN (θ 112, Nonn.; Bosshardt 121).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Uncertain. -- Often connected with πρό, with υ for ο as in διαπρύσιος a.o.; s.v. and Forssman KZ 79, 11 ff. w. extensive treatment; semant. not quite convincing, as πρυμνός indicates not the most foward or the uppermost, but the hindmost and lowest part. Diff. Schwyzer KZ 63, 59 f.: πρύμνη from *πύμνη to πύματος after πρῳ̃ρα, with πρυμνός as innovation; grave opjections by Forssman l.c. After Bechtel Lex. s.v. (with Curtius 715) however to πρέμνον; semant. better, but only as Pre-Greek (s.v.). Against the often defended connection with OCS krъma `back part of a ship' (lastly Thieme Die Heimat d. idg. Gemeinspr. 30) s. Vasmer Wb. s. kormá. The μν-suffix is also found in the close Skt. ni-mná- n. `lowering, depth', adj. `lying deep'. -- On πρόμνος and προμνηστῖνοι, by Forssman l.c. connected with πρυμνός, s. πρόμος and s.v. -- By Furnée 65 connected with πρέμνον, with Pre-Greek ε\/υ (n. 270); in any case πρυμνός may well be Pre-Greek..

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ἔχμα, ατος, τό, ([etym.] ἔχω)

A that which holds; and so,

I hindrance, impediment, Il.21.259 (pl.).

2 c. gen., bulwark, defence against,

ἐπηλυσίης h.Merc.37

;

βολάων A.R.4.201

.

II holdfast, stay, ἔχματα πέτρης the grip of the rock (viz. the river-bed), Il.13.139; ἔχματα πύργων buttresses of the fortifications, 12.260; ἔχματα νηῶν props or cradles for the ships, 14.410; ἔχματα γαίης, of the earth which holds fast the roots of a tree, A.R.1.1200; ἔχματα γούνων, of muscles, Nic.Th. 724:—also [full] ἐχμός, ὁ, Eust.1411.24.

προβολ-ή, ἡ, ([etym.] προβάλλω)

A putting forward, esp. of a weapon for defence, τὰ δόρατα εἰς προβολὴν καθιέναι to bring the spears to the rest, couch them, X.An.6.5.25 (nisi leg. προσβολήν)

; [τὰ δόρατα] ἀποτεῖναι ἐς π. Arr.An.1.6.2

;

κοντοὺς ὀρθοὺς ὡς ἐς π. φέροντες Id.Tact.43.2

; ἵστανται ἐς π. ib.36.3; ἐν προβολᾷ θεμένα ξίφος bringing it to the guard, AP7.433 (Tymn.); ὁπλίτας ἑστῶτας ἐν π. standing with spear in rest, Plu.Caes.44, cf. Plb.2.65.11; ὑπελθεῖν τὴν π. τοῦ πολεμίου get under his guard, D.H.3.19; of a pugilist,

δοχμὸς ἀπὸ π. κλινθείς Theoc.22.120

;

παγκρατίου προβολὰν διδάξαι IG42(1).122.53

(Epid., iv B.C.), cf.7.2470.3 (Thebes, iv/iii B.C.); Carneades προβολὴν pugilis.. similem facit

ἐποχῇ Cic.Att.13.21.3

; ἀνέχοντες ἐν π. τὰς χεῖρας, of long-distance runners, Philostr.Gym.32; ἡ π. τῶν χειρῶν, of boxers, ib.34;

αἱ π. τοῦ σώματος X.Cyn.10.22

; ἡ τῆς φάλαγγος π. the phalanx with its pikes couched, Plb.18.30.1;

αἱ τῶν θυρεῶν π. Id.1.22.10

, cf. Arr.Tact.37.5; of the legs, putting foremost, Arist.IA 706a6.

2 putting forth,

βλαστοῦ Gp.5.25.1

.

3 putting forward of a plea or case, Hermog.Stat.4, al.

II projection, prominence,

ἡ π. τοῦ χείλεος Hp.Art.8

, etc.; τῆς κεφαλῆς a prominence of the skull, Id.VC1;

τῆς γλώσσης Aret.SA1.7

; π. ἀπὸ τοῦ χείλεος, of an elephant's trunk, Id.SD2.13, cf. Ael.NA5.41.

2 jutting rock, foreland, or tongue of land, S.Ph. 1455 (anap., prob. for προβλής)

ἐπὶ προβολῇσι θαλάσσης Q.S.9.378

, cf. D.P.1013, Plb.1.53.10; Νειλορύτου δῶρον ἀπὸ π., i.e. from the Delta of the Nile, AP9.350 (Leon.Alex.); also the spurof a hill, Plu.Crass.22.

3 head of a spear or

κέστρος 11

, Plb.18.29.3, 27.11.2.

4 projecting bridge, Id.3.46.4.

5 projection of a weapon from the soldier's body, Ael.Tact.14.3.

6 advanced body of cavalry, Arr.Tact.40.2, al.

7 rope for lowering buckets, PFlor. 153 (iii A.D.), etc.

III thing held before one as a defence, screen, bulwark,

π. μεγάλη τῆς χώρας X.Mem.3.5.27

; of the eyebrows, Id.Cyn.5.26;

τοῦ ὄμματος Arist.GA 780b23

;

ὅπως ᾖ π. τοῖς.. σπλάγχνοις [τὸ νῶτον] Id.PA 672a17

: c.gen. objecti, defence against..,

δείματος π. καὶ βελέων S.Aj. 1212

(lyr.);

θανάτου E.Or. 1488

(lyr.);

καυμάτων Pl.Ti. 74b

; τοῦ ἡλίου, τῶν ἀνέμων, τοῦ ψύχους, Thphr.CP2.7.4, 3.10.4, 5.13.3; πρὸς τοὺς χειμῶνας ib.3.7.2.

2 protection,

τὰ προβολῆς ἕνεκα εἰργασμένα Pl.Plt. 288b

; π. ἔχειν, of plants, Thphr.CP3.20.5;

προβεβλημένοι τὴν γαμικὴν π. Dam.Isid. 160

.

3 front of a horse's hoof, Hippiatr.123.

IV proposal of a person's name for election, Pl. Lg. 765b, SIG976.10 (Samos, ii B.C.), CPR20.8 (iii A.D.), Cod.Just. 10.11.8.4, al., Ps.-Ptol.Centil.83.

V as law-term, a form of public process by presentation of a case to the assembly, D.21.193: pl., ib.11, Lex ib.8, 10;

τῶν συκοφαντῶν π. ἐποιησάμεθα Aeschin.2.145

, cf. X. HG1.7.35, Isoc.15.314, Arist.Ath.43.5, 59.2, Harp. s.v. καταχειροτονία.

VI advance, loan, PSI6.666.10 (iii B.C.); π. εἰς τὸ ζῆν financial provision, means of livelihood, gloss on ἀφορμή, Sch.E. Med. 342.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `potter's oven', prop. an earthenware or iron, on top less wide and with air-holes provided pot, where bread was baked; metaph. comparable objects: `pot to haul water, rock-hole etc.'(Hdt., Epich., LXX, pap., NT.)

Other forms: also, prob. secondary (dissimilation?; Schwyzer 259), κρίβανος (Com.) m., κρίβανον n. (Str., Ael.).

Derivatives: (mostly κλιβ-): κλιβάνιος, - ικός `baker's oven' (pap.), - ιον `oven for baking' (pap.), - ίτης ( ἄρτος) `in a κ. baked bread' (Com.; Redard Les noms grec en - της 89), κριβανωτός `in an oven baked bread' (Alcm. 20, Ar.), κριβάνας πλακοῦντάς τινας H.; κλιβανεύς `baker', - εῖον `bakery' (pap.). κλιβανάριος from Lat. clībanārius `armoured knight' (since IV<sup>p</sup>; from the soldiers language or after Aram. tanûr `oven, armour'?; cf. Schwyzer 39). - Hypostasis ἐπικλιβάνιος ( θεά) `ruling over the oven' (Karneades).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Technical LW [loanword] in - ανος (Chantraine Formation 200, Schwyzer 489f.); origin unknown. Acc. to Walde Lat. et. Wb.² s. lībum to the Germ. word for `Laib bread', Goth. hlaifs etc. as loan from the north; against this (W.-)Hofmann s. v. Diff. hypotheses in Lewy Fremdw. 105f. (Semitic), and Mohl MSL 7, 403 (uralaltaic); further s. W.-Hofmann s. lībum. The word was taken over in Latin, where it seems to have a short i. Whether ρ or λ is original is unknown. Fur. 387 ρ and λ interchange in Pre-Greek, from where the word may well have come; baking bread was rather old. - The Latin word has nothing to do with the rest, but derives from Middle Pers. grībān `coat of arms' (cf. grīva-pāna- `neck-protector'); Rundgren, Orient. Suecana 6 (1957) 49f.

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λευκός, ή, όν (s. λευκαίνω; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 5:13; Test12Patr; JosAs; ParJer 9:18; Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 3, 617; 622; loanw. in rabb. Fig. [w. οἱ συνιέντες]: οἱ λευκοί Iren.1, 19, 2 [Harv. I 177, 1])

① bright, shining, gleaming (Hom. et al.) λ. ὡς τὸ φῶς (Il. 14, 185 λ. ἠέλιος ὡς) brilliant as light Mt 17:2. λ. ἐξαστράπτων Lk 9:29. This mng. is also poss. for some of the foll. pass.

② white (including, for the Greeks, many shades of that color, and always opp. of μέλας; cp. our ‘white’ wine) of hair (Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.] 7, 23 of an elderly man’s hair; Soph., Ant. 1092; Lev 13:3ff) Mt 5:36 (opp. μέλας as Menand., Samian 262 [Bodmer p. 61 app.=OxfT p. 259] of Androcles, who dyes his white hair); Rv 1:14a. Of a goatskin Hv 5:1; Hs 6, 2, 5. Of a pebble, used for voting etc. (Lucian, Harmonides 3 p. 855f ψῆφον … τὴν λευκὴν καὶ σώζουσαν) Rv 2:17. Of wool (PRyl 146, 15 [39 A.D.]; Da 7:9 ὡσεὶ ἔριον λ.; En 106:2; ParJer 9:18) 1:14b. Of apocal. horses (cp. JosAs 5:5; Zech 1:8. S. πυρρός) 6:2; 19:11, 14a. Of an apocal. monster w. the colors black, red, gold and white Hv 4, 1, 10; cp. 4, 3, 5. Of a cloud Rv 14:14. Of stones (Michel 509, 17 [241 B.C.]; OGI 219, 36; 268, 17; 339, 34; 105; et al. in ins) Hv 3, 2, 8; 3, 5, 1; 3, 6, 5; Hs 9, 4, 5; 9, 6, 4; 9, 8, 5; 9, 9, 1. Of a chair v 1, 2, 2. Of fields of ripe grain λ. πρὸς θερισμόν white for the harvest J 4:35. Of a mountain Hs 9, 1, 10; 9, 29, 1; 9, 30, 1f; 4. Of a rock 9, 2, 1. Of a throne Rv 20:11. Of garments (Plut., Aristid. 21, 4 festive garment; IPriene 205 εἰσίναι εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἁγνὸν ἐν ἐσθῆτι λευκῇ; POxy 471, 95ff; 531, 13; PGM 4, 636; Eccl 9:8; 2 Macc 11:8; Jos., Bell. 2, 1, Ant. 11, 327; TestLevi 8:2; JosAs 5:6 χιτῶνα λευκόν) Mk 9:3; 16:5 (Lucian, Philops. 25 of a heavenly messenger: νεανίας πάγκαλος λευκὸν ἱμάτιον περιβεβλημένος); Ac 1:10; Rv 3:5, 18; 4:4; 6:11; 7:9, 13. A garment is λ. ὡς χιών (Da 7:9 Theod.) Mt 28:3 (opp. of garments appropriate for mourning: Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 77); Mk 9:3 v.l.; Hs 8, 2, 3f. ἐν λευκοῖς (sc. ἱματίοις) in white (Artem. 2, 3 p. 86, 17; 4, 2 p. 205, 9) J 20:12; Rv 3:4; Hv 4, 2, 1; Hs 8, 2, 4; βύσσινον λ. a white linen garment Rv 19:14b (v.l. λευκοβύσσινον). Of a priest’s clothing made of white linen (s. Schürer II 293) Ox 840, 27. Of shoes Hv 4, 2, 1.—GRadke, D. Bedeutg. d. weissen u. schwarzen Farbe in Kult u. Brauch d. Griech. u. Römer, diss. Berlin ’36; RGradwohl, D. Farben im AT, ’63, 34–50.—On special clothing in some mystery celebrations s. SCole, Theoi Megaloi ’84, 114 n. 125.—B. 1052; 1054. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

κῑνέω, [tense] aor. ἐκίνησα, [dialect] Ep.

A

κίνησα Il.23.730

, etc.:—[voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., [tense] fut. κινήσομαι (in pass. sense) Pl.Tht. 182c, D.9.51, - ηθήσομαι Ar.Ra. 796, Pl.R. 545d, etc.: [tense] aor. [voice] Med. ([dialect] Ep.)

κινήσαντο Opp.C.2.582

: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. ἐκινήθην, [dialect] Ep.[ per.] 3pl.

ἐκίνηθεν Il.16.280

: (cf. κίω):— set in motion, ἄγε κινήσας, of Hermesleading the souls, Od.24.5; simply, move,

οὐδέ τι κινῆσαι μελέων ἦν 8.298

;

κ. θύρην 22.394

;

κ. κάρη Il.17.442

, etc.;

Ζέφυρος κ. λήϊον 2.147

;

κ. ὄμμα S.Ph. 866

;

ναῦς ἐκίνησεν πόδα E.Hec. 940

(lyr.), etc.; σκληρὰ ἡ γῆ ἔσταικινεῖν, i.e. plough, X.Oec.16.11; κ. δόρυ, of a warrior about to attack, E.Andr. 607;

κ. στρατιάν Id.Rh.18

(anap.);

κ. ὅπλα Th.1.82

; κ. σκάφην rock a cradle, Phylarch.36 J.

b in later Gr., set in motion a process of law, etc., PKlein.Form.405, etc.

2 remove a thing from its place,

ἀνδριάντα Hdt.1.183

;

γῆς ὅρια Pl.Lg. 842e

; κ. τι τῶν ἀκινήτων meddle with things sacred, Hdt.6.134, cf. S. Ant. 1061, Th.4.98; κ. τὰ χρήματα ἐς ἄλλο τι apply them to an alien purpose, Id.2.24;

κ. τῶν χρημάτων Id.1.143

, 6.70;

κ. τὸ στρατόπεδον X.An.6.4.27

, etc. ( κινεῖν alone, Plb.2.54.2, cf. LXX Ge.20.1, Plu. Dio 27); change, innovate,

νόμαια Hdt.3.80

;

τοὺς πατρίους νόμους Arist. Pol. 1268b28

;

τῶν κειμένων νόμων Zaleuc.

ap. Stob.4.2.19:—[voice] Pass.,

νόμιμα κινούμενα Pl.Lg. 797b

;

ἰατρικὴ κινηθεῖσα παρὰ τὰ πάτρια Arist. Pol. 1268b35

: so abs. in [voice] Act., change treatment, ib. 1286a13.

3 Gramm., inflect,

τὰ ῥήματα ἐκίνει τὸ τέλος A.D.Pron.104.15

:—more usu. in [voice] Pass., κατὰ τὸ τέλος κινεῖσθαι ib.104.10.

4 alter a manuscript reading, Str.7.3.4.

II disturb, of a wasps'nest,

τοὺς δ' εἴ πέρ τις.. κινήσῃ ἀέκων Il.16.264

; arouse,

κ. τινὰ ἐξ ὕπνου E.Ba. 690

; urge on,

φόβος κ. τινά A.Ch. 289

; φυγάδα πρόδρομον κινήσασα having driven him in headlong flight, S.Ant. 109 (lyr.); κ. ἐπιρρόθοις κακοῖσιν attack, assail, ib. 413;

μήτηρ κ. κραδίαν, κ. δὲ χόλον E.Med.99

(anap.);

ἐάν με κινῇς καὶ ποιήσῃς τὴν χολὴν.. ζέσαι Anaxipp.2

; κ. τινά incite or stir one up to speak, Pl.R. 329e, Ly. 223a, X.Mem.4.2.2; κ. τὰ πολλὰ καὶ ἄτοπα stir up.. questions, Pl.Tht. 163a; call in question an assumption,

τὰ μέγιστα κ. τῶν μαθηματικῶν Arist.Cael. 271b11

, cf. Phld.Sign.27;

κ. τὸ τὰ ἄκρα.. ἀνταίρειν Str.2.1.12

, cf. Plot.2.1.6;

ὁ κινῶν [τὰ φαινόμενα] λόγος S.E.M.8.360

:—[voice] Pass., S.OC 1526; κινεῖται γὰρ εὐθύς μοι χολή my bile is stirred, Pherecr.69.5;

κεκινῆσθαι πρός τι X.Oec.8.1

.

2 set going, cause, call forth,

φθέγματα S.El.18

;

πατρὸς στόμα Id.OC 1276

;

μῦθον E.El. 302

;

λόγον περί τινος Pl.R. 450a

;

πάντα κ. λόγον Id.Phlb. 15e

;

κ. ὀδύνην S.Tr. 974

(anap.);

κακά Id.OT 636

;

πάθος Phld. Mus.p.4

K.; πόλεμον, πολέμους, Th.6.34, Pl.R. 566e;

Ἐμπεδοκλέα.. πρῶτον ῥητορικὴν κεκινηκέναι Arist.Fr.65

.

3 Medic., κ. οὔρησιν, οὖρα, Dsc.2.109, 127; κοιλίαν ib.6.

4 sens. obsc.,

κ. γυναῖκα Eup.233.3

(nisileg. ἐβίνουν), cf.Ar.Ach. 1052 (v.l.), Eq. 364, Nu. 1103 (lyr., [voice] Pass.), al., AP11.7 ([place name] Nicander);

κ. τὰ σκέλεα Herod.5.2

.

5 phrases: κ. πᾶν χρῆμα turn every stone, try every way, Hdt.5.96; μὴ κ. εὖ κείμενον 'let sleeping dogs lie', Pl.Phlb. 15c; μὴ κίνει Καμάριναν, ἀκίνητος γὰρ ἀμείνων Orac. ap. St.Byz.; κινεῦντα μηδὲ κάρφος 'not stirring a finger', Herod.3.67, cf. 1.55;

μηδ' ὀδόντα κινῆσαι Id.3.49

; κ. τὸν ἀπ' ἴρας πύματον λίθον 'play the last card', Alc.82 (s.v.l.).

6 in Law, πολιτικῶς κ. κατά τινος employ civil action against, Cod.Just.4.20.13.1.

B [voice] Pass., to be put in motion, go, Il.1.47; <κι>νηθεὶς ἐπῄει dub. in Pi.Fr. 101: generally, to be moved, stir, κινήθη ἀγορή, ἐκίνηθεν φάλαγγες, Il.2.144, 16.280; of an earthquake,

Δῆλος ἐκινήθη Hdt.6.98

, Th.2.8;

θύελλα κινηθεῖσα S.OC 1660

; τί κεκίνηται; what motion is this? E.Andr. 1226 (anap.); κινεῖσθαι, opp. ἑστάναι, motion, opp. rest, Pl. Sph. 250b, etc.; ὥσπερ χορδαὶ ἐν λύρᾳ συμπαθῶς κινηθεῖσαι vibrating in unison, Plot.4.4.8.

2 of persons, to be moved, stirred, ὁ κεκινημένος one who is agitated, excited, Pl.Phdr. 245b, cf. Vett.Val.45.25, al.;

κ. παθητικῶς Phld.Rh.1.193

S.

3 of dancing,

κ. τῷ σώματι Pl.Lg. 656a

.

4 move forward, of soldiers, S.OC 1371, E.Rh. 139, Ph. 107; but κ. ἐκ τῆς τάξεως leave the ranks, X.HG2.1.22.

5 to be disturbed or in rebellion, D.C.39.54, 42.15, al.

6 κεκινημένος περί τι, Lat. versatus in.., Pl.Lg. 908d.